Grammar Revision / 2nd Prep

Present Simple:-

We bring the verb in the present with (he, she, it) we add (s / es) at the end. To make questions we use (do/does/+v in present).

The present continuous:- (Am / is / are) + Verb + ing

Sative verbs:-

· These verbs never come in Present Continuous.

* Verbs connected with senses (feel – hear – see – smell – sound – taste)

* Verbs that express emotions (dislike – hate – like – love – need – prefer – want)

* Verbs that express understanding or opinion (appear – believe – forget – hop – imagine – know- mean – realize – remember – think – understand – wonder)

* Verbs that express possession (belong to – have – own – possess)

Some sative verbs are used in The Present Continuous, but with change of meaning:- (Feel – have – look – see - think)

Present Perfect:- (Have / has) + pp

Have been means that you go to a place and then you return.

Have gone means that you go to a place and you still there.

Present Perfect Continuous:- (Has /Have) + been + ing

1. Something that started in the past and has happened repeatedly or has continued, until now.

We have been living in this house for nine years.

2. Something that happened repeatedly in the past and that may have finished now, but has results that can be seeing now.

We are tired. We have been workinghard all week.

3. These are the time expressions:-

All day – all night – for a long time – for very long – for years – lately – recently – since.

Past Simple:-

To form the Past Simple of most regular verbs, add (ed). If a regular verb ends in a consonant plus (y) (study – carry) add (ied).

· Used to: - With action in the past only.

Active & Passive:- object + verb (to be) +pp + by + Subject.

Active Sentence	Passive Sentence
Present Simple	Am – is – are + pp.
Present Continuous	Am – is – are + being + pp.
Present Perfect	Has / have + been + pp
Past Simple	Was / were + pp.
Past Continuous	Was – were + being + pp.
Past Perfect	Had + been + pp.
Shall	Shall + be + pp.
Will	Will + be + pp.
Should	Should + be + pp.
Would	Would + be + pp.
May	May + be + pp.
Might	Might + be + pp.
Can	Can + be + pp.
Could	Could + be + pp.
Must	Must + be + pp.
Ought to	Ought to + be + pp.
Will have	Will + have + been +pp.
Shall have.	Shall + have + been + pp.
Have to	Have to + be + pp.
Has to	Has to + be + pp.

Conditional If:-


Conditional sentences:-

Zero Conditional:- If + present simple Present simple (Facts)

1^st Conditional:- If + present simple will + infinitive.



2^nd Conditional:- If + past simple would + infinitive.

· If + were (with all subjects pronouns) would + infinitive.

Used for advice and impossible things to happen.

3^rd Conditional:- If + Past Perfect (Had + pp). Future perfect

{would + have + pp}

Unless = if + not.



Question Tags:-

Some question tags are made in a different way:-

¨ I am------, aren't I?

¨ Let's -------, Shall we?

¨ Imperative sentences (Don't write on the wall, will you? / Study hard, won't you?)

¨ That / this is-----------, isn't it?

¨ These / those are-----------, aren't they?

When the subject is (Everybody – Nobody – Someone) we use they in the question tag.

« Everybody has joined the group, haven't they?

« Nobody wants to do this job, do they?

« 'd better---------, hadn't ----?

« 'd rather----------, wouldn't ----?

« Ali never eats his lunch, does he?