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Albert Einstein
Early life and education
Einstein at the age of 4. His father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent “empty space.”[6]
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[7]
Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14). From Euclid, Einstein began to understand deductive reasoning, and by the age of twelve, he had learned Euclidean geometry. Soon after he began to investigate infinitesimal calculus. At age 16, he performed the first of his famous thought experiments in which he visualized traveling alongside a beam of light.[8]
The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Their son attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five until ten.[9] Although Einstein had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.[10][11] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.[7] In 1889 Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid’s Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").[12] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.[13][14]
In 1894, his father’s company failed: Direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school’s regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor’s note.[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".[15]
Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)) in Zürich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.[16] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with the family’s daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Winteler son, Paul.)[17] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father’s approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and enrolled in 1896 in the mathematics and physics program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.
In the same year, Einstein’s future wife, Mileva Marić, also entered the Polytechnic to study mathematics and physics, the only woman in the academic cohort. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić’s friendship developed into romance. In a letter to her, Einstein called Marić “a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am.”[18] Einstein graduated in 1900 from the Polytechnic with a diploma in mathematics and physics;[19] Although historians have debated whether Marić influenced Einstein’s work, the majority of academic historians of science agree that she did not
Marriages and children
In early 1902, Einstein and Mileva Marić had a daughter they called Lieserl in their correspondence, who was born in Novi Sad where the parents of Mileva lived.[23] Her full name is not known, and her fate is uncertain after 1903.[24] Einstein and Marić married in January 1903, and in May 1904 the couple’s first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years. Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein) on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated permanently to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December, 1936.[25]
Patent office
The Einsteinhaus on the Kramgasse in Bern, where Einstein lived with his wife during his Annus Mirabilis
Left to right: Conrad Habicht, Maurice Solovine and Einstein, who founded the Olympia Academy
After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate’s father helped him secure a job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner.[26] He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein’s position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".[27]
Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.[28]
With friends he met in Bern, Einstein formed a weekly discussion club on science and philosophy, which he jokingly named "The Olympia Academy." Their readings included Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, who influenced Einstein’s scientific and philosophical outlook. The next year, Einstein published a paper in the prestigious Annalen der Physik on the capillary forces of a straw.[29]
Scientific career
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. Most were about physics, but a few expressed leftist political opinions about pacifism, socialism, and zionism.[4][7] In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others.[30]
Physics in 1900
Einstein’s early papers all come from attempts to demonstrate that atoms exist and have a finite nonzero size. At the time of his first paper in 1902, it was not yet completely accepted by physicists that atoms were real, even though chemists had good evidence ever since Antoine Lavoisier’s work a century earlier. The reason physicists were skeptical was because no 19th century theory could fully explain the properties of matter from the properties of atoms.
Ludwig Boltzmann was a leading 19th century atomist physicist, who had struggled for years to gain acceptance for atoms. Boltzmann had given an interpretation of the laws of thermodynamics, suggesting that the law of entropy increase is statistical. In Boltzmann’s way of thinking, the entropy is the logarithm of the number of ways a system could be configured inside. The reason the entropy goes up is only because it is more likely for a system to go from a special state with only a few possible internal configurations to a more generic state with many. While Boltzmann’s statistical interpretation of entropy is universally accepted today, and Einstein believed it, at the turn of the 20th century it was a minority position.
The statistical idea was most successful in explaining the properties of gases. James Clerk Maxwell, another leading atomist, had found the distribution of velocities of atoms in a gas, and derived the surprising result that the viscosity of a gas should be independent of density. Intuitively, the friction in a gas would seem to go to zero as the density goes to zero, but this is not so, because the mean free path of atoms becomes large at low densities. A subsequent experiment by Maxwell and his wife confirmed this surprising prediction. Other experiments on gases and vacuum, using a rotating slitted drum, showed that atoms in a gas had velocities distributed according to Maxwell’s distribution law.
In addition to these successes, there were also inconsistencies. Maxwell noted that at cold temperatures, atomic theory predicted specific heats that are too large. In classical statistical mechanics, every spring-like motion has thermal energy kBT on average at temperature T, so that the specific heat of every spring is Boltzmann’s constant kB. A monatomic solid with N atoms can be thought of as N little balls representing N atoms attached to each other in a box grid with 3N springs, so the specific heat of every solid is 3NkB, a result which became known as the Dulong–Petit law. This law is true at room temperature, but not for colder temperatures. At temperatures near zero, the specific heat goes to zero.
Similarly, a gas made up of a molecule with two atoms can be thought of as two balls on a spring. This spring has energy kBT at high temperatures, and should contribute an extra kB to the specific heat. It does at temperatures of about 1000 degrees, but at lower temperature, this contribution disappears. At zero temperature, all other contributions to the specific heat from rotations and vibrations also disappear. This behavior was inconsistent with classical physics.
The most glaring inconsistency was in the theory of light waves. Continuous waves in a box can be thought of as infinitely many spring-like motions, one for each possible standing wave. Each standing wave has a specific heat of kB, so the total specific heat of a continuous wave like light should be infinite in classical mechanics. This is obviously wrong, because it would mean that all energy in the universe would be instantly sucked up into light waves, and everything would slow down and stop.
These inconsistencies led some people to say that atoms were not physical, but mathematical. Notable among the skeptics was Ernst Mach, whose positivist philosophy led him to demand that if atoms are real, it should be possible to see them directly.[31] Mach believed that atoms were a useful fiction, that in reality they could be assumed to be infinitesimally small, that Avogadro’s number was infinite, or so large that it might as well be infinite, and kB was infinitesimally small. Certain experiments could then be explained by atomic theory, but other experiments could not, and this is the way it will always be.
Einstein opposed this position. Throughout his career, he was a realist. He believed that a single consistent theory should explain all observation, and that this theory would be a description what was really going on, underneath it all. So he set out to show that the atomic point of view was correct. This led him first to thermodynamics, then to statistical physics, and to the theory of specific heats of solids.
In 1905, while he was working in the patent office, the leading German language physics journal Annalen der Physik published four of Einstein’s papers. The four papers eventually were recognized as revolutionary, and 1905 became known as Einstein’s "Miracle Year", and the papers, as the Annus Mirabilis
عمله
النظرية النسبية الخاصة
ألبرت أينشتاين عام 1947
منتصف حياته
في العام 1906 ترقى أينشتاين في السلم الوظيفي من مرتبة فاحص فني مختبر أول إلى مرتبة فاحص فني من الدرجة الثانية، وفي العام 1908 مُنح إجازةً لإلقاء الدروس والمحاضرات من "بيرن" في سويسرا، ووُلد الطفل الثاني لأينشتاين الذي سُمِّي "إدوارد" في 28 تموز (يوليو) 1910، وطلّق أينشتاين بعدها زوجته ميلِفا في 14 شباط (فبراير) 1919 وتزوج بعدها من ابنة عمه "ايلسا لوينثال" التي تكبره بثلاث سنوات في 2 حزيران (يونيو) 1919. لايعلم أحد حتى هذه الساعة شيئاً عن مصير طفلة أينشتاين الأولى غير الشرعية من زوجته ميلِفا إذ يعتقد البعض أنها ماتت في فترة الرضاعة، ويعتقد البعض الآخر أن والديها أعطياها لمن لا أولاد له للتبني، أمّا بالنسبة لأولاد أينشتاين، فقد أُصيب أحدهما بمرض انفصام الشخصية ومات فيما بعد في المصح العقلي الذي تولى علاجه ورعايته. أمّا الابن الثاني، فقد انتقل لولاية كاليفورنيا الأمريكية للعيش فيها ومن ثم أصبح استاذاً (دكتور) في الجامعة، وكانت اتصالاته مع والده محدودةً جداً. في العام 1914 وقبيل الحرب العالمية الأولى، استقر أينشتاين في مدينة "برلين" الألمانية، ولم يكن أينشتاين من دعاة الحرب ولكنه كان ألمانيا من أصل يهودي، مماتسبب بشعور القوميين الألمان بالضيق تجاه هذا الرجل، وتأجج هذا الامتعاض لأينشتاين من قبل القوميين الألمان عندما أصبح أينشتاين معروفاً على المستوى العالمي بعدما خرجت مجلة ]التايمالأمريكية في 7 تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) 1919 بمقالٍ يؤكد صحة نظرية أينشتاين المتعلقةبالجاذبية
[ الأعوام اللاحقة
بوصول القائد النازي أدولف هتلر إلى السلطة في العام 1933 تزايدت الكراهية تجاه أينشتاين فاتهمه القوميون الاشتراكيون (النازيون) بتأسيس "الفيزياء اليهودية"، كما حاول بعض العلماء الألمان النيل من حقوق أينشتاين في نظرياته الأمر الذي دفع أينشتاين للهرب إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والتي منحته بدورها إقامة دائمةً، وانخرط في "معهد الدراسات المتقدمة" التابع لجامعة برينستون في ولاية نيو جيرسي، ففي عام 1939 كتب رسالته الشهيرة إلى الرئيس الأمريكي روزفلت لينبهه على ضرورة الإسراع في إنتاج القنبلة قبل الألمان وذلك قبل أن يهاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة. وفي العام 1940، صار أينشتاين مواطناً أمريكياً مع احتفاظه بجنسيته السويسرية.
Early life and education
Einstein at the age of 4. His father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent “empty space.”[6]
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[7]
Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14). From Euclid, Einstein began to understand deductive reasoning, and by the age of twelve, he had learned Euclidean geometry. Soon after he began to investigate infinitesimal calculus. At age 16, he performed the first of his famous thought experiments in which he visualized traveling alongside a beam of light.[8]
The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Their son attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five until ten.[9] Although Einstein had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.[10][11] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.[7] In 1889 Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid’s Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").[12] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.[13][14]
In 1894, his father’s company failed: Direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school’s regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor’s note.[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".[15]
Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)) in Zürich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.[16] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with the family’s daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Winteler son, Paul.)[17] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father’s approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and enrolled in 1896 in the mathematics and physics program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.
In the same year, Einstein’s future wife, Mileva Marić, also entered the Polytechnic to study mathematics and physics, the only woman in the academic cohort. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić’s friendship developed into romance. In a letter to her, Einstein called Marić “a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am.”[18] Einstein graduated in 1900 from the Polytechnic with a diploma in mathematics and physics;[19] Although historians have debated whether Marić influenced Einstein’s work, the majority of academic historians of science agree that she did not
Marriages and children
Patent office
The Einsteinhaus on the Kramgasse in Bern, where Einstein lived with his wife during his Annus Mirabilis
Left to right: Conrad Habicht, Maurice Solovine and Einstein, who founded the Olympia Academy
After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate’s father helped him secure a job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner.[26] He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein’s position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".[27]
Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.[28]
With friends he met in Bern, Einstein formed a weekly discussion club on science and philosophy, which he jokingly named "The Olympia Academy." Their readings included Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, who influenced Einstein’s scientific and philosophical outlook. The next year, Einstein published a paper in the prestigious Annalen der Physik on the capillary forces of a straw.[29]
Scientific career
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. Most were about physics, but a few expressed leftist political opinions about pacifism, socialism, and zionism.[4][7] In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others.[30]
Physics in 1900
Einstein’s early papers all come from attempts to demonstrate that atoms exist and have a finite nonzero size. At the time of his first paper in 1902, it was not yet completely accepted by physicists that atoms were real, even though chemists had good evidence ever since Antoine Lavoisier’s work a century earlier. The reason physicists were skeptical was because no 19th century theory could fully explain the properties of matter from the properties of atoms.
Ludwig Boltzmann was a leading 19th century atomist physicist, who had struggled for years to gain acceptance for atoms. Boltzmann had given an interpretation of the laws of thermodynamics, suggesting that the law of entropy increase is statistical. In Boltzmann’s way of thinking, the entropy is the logarithm of the number of ways a system could be configured inside. The reason the entropy goes up is only because it is more likely for a system to go from a special state with only a few possible internal configurations to a more generic state with many. While Boltzmann’s statistical interpretation of entropy is universally accepted today, and Einstein believed it, at the turn of the 20th century it was a minority position.
The statistical idea was most successful in explaining the properties of gases. James Clerk Maxwell, another leading atomist, had found the distribution of velocities of atoms in a gas, and derived the surprising result that the viscosity of a gas should be independent of density. Intuitively, the friction in a gas would seem to go to zero as the density goes to zero, but this is not so, because the mean free path of atoms becomes large at low densities. A subsequent experiment by Maxwell and his wife confirmed this surprising prediction. Other experiments on gases and vacuum, using a rotating slitted drum, showed that atoms in a gas had velocities distributed according to Maxwell’s distribution law.
In addition to these successes, there were also inconsistencies. Maxwell noted that at cold temperatures, atomic theory predicted specific heats that are too large. In classical statistical mechanics, every spring-like motion has thermal energy kBT on average at temperature T, so that the specific heat of every spring is Boltzmann’s constant kB. A monatomic solid with N atoms can be thought of as N little balls representing N atoms attached to each other in a box grid with 3N springs, so the specific heat of every solid is 3NkB, a result which became known as the Dulong–Petit law. This law is true at room temperature, but not for colder temperatures. At temperatures near zero, the specific heat goes to zero.
Similarly, a gas made up of a molecule with two atoms can be thought of as two balls on a spring. This spring has energy kBT at high temperatures, and should contribute an extra kB to the specific heat. It does at temperatures of about 1000 degrees, but at lower temperature, this contribution disappears. At zero temperature, all other contributions to the specific heat from rotations and vibrations also disappear. This behavior was inconsistent with classical physics.
The most glaring inconsistency was in the theory of light waves. Continuous waves in a box can be thought of as infinitely many spring-like motions, one for each possible standing wave. Each standing wave has a specific heat of kB, so the total specific heat of a continuous wave like light should be infinite in classical mechanics. This is obviously wrong, because it would mean that all energy in the universe would be instantly sucked up into light waves, and everything would slow down and stop.
These inconsistencies led some people to say that atoms were not physical, but mathematical. Notable among the skeptics was Ernst Mach, whose positivist philosophy led him to demand that if atoms are real, it should be possible to see them directly.[31] Mach believed that atoms were a useful fiction, that in reality they could be assumed to be infinitesimally small, that Avogadro’s number was infinite, or so large that it might as well be infinite, and kB was infinitesimally small. Certain experiments could then be explained by atomic theory, but other experiments could not, and this is the way it will always be.
Einstein opposed this position. Throughout his career, he was a realist. He believed that a single consistent theory should explain all observation, and that this theory would be a description what was really going on, underneath it all. So he set out to show that the atomic point of view was correct. This led him first to thermodynamics, then to statistical physics, and to the theory of specific heats of solids.
In 1905, while he was working in the patent office, the leading German language physics journal Annalen der Physik published four of Einstein’s papers. The four papers eventually were recognized as revolutionary, and 1905 became known as Einstein’s "Miracle Year", and the papers, as the Annus Mirabilis
ألبرت أينشتاين
وُلد ألبرت أينشتاين في مدينة أُولم الألمانية في العام 1879 وأمضى سِن يفاعته في ميونخ. كان أبوه "هيرمان أينشتاين" يعمل في بيع الرّيش المستخدم في صناعة الوسائد، وعملت أمّه "ني بولين كوخ" معه في إدارة ورشةٍ صغيرةٍ لتصنيع الأدوات الكهربائية بعد تخلّيه عن مهنة بيع الرّيش. تأخر أينشتاين الطفل في النطق حتى الثالثة من عمره، لكنه أبدى شغفا كبيراً بالطبيعة، ومقدرةً على إدراك المفاهيم الرياضية الصعبة، وقد درس وحده الهندسة الإقليدية، وعلى الرغم من انتمائه لليهودية، فقد دخل أينشتاين مدرسة إعدادية كاثوليكية وتلقّى دروساً في العزف على آلة الكمان ولكن أينشتاين رفض فكرة الإله الشخصي والأديان بشكل كامل ورسائله الخاصة تبين أنه يؤمن بإله سبينوزا وهي الطبيعة. وفي الخامسة من عمره أعطاه أبوه بوصلة، وقد أدرك أينشتاين آنذاك أن ثمّة قوةً في الفضاء تقوم بالتأثير على إبرة البوصلة وتقوم بتحريكها. وقد كان يعاني من صعوبة في الاستيعاب، وربما كان مردُّ ذلك إلى خجله في طفولته. ويشاع أن أينشتاين الطفل قد رسب في مادة الرياضيات فيما بعد، إلا أن المرجح أن التعديل في تقييم درجات التلاميذ آنذاك أثار أن الطفل أينشتاين قد تأخّر ورسب في مادة الرياضيات. وتبنَّى اثنان من أعمام أينشتاين رعايته ودعم اهتمام هذا الطفل بالعلم بشكل عام فزوداه بكتبٍ تتعلق بالعلوم والرياضيات. بعد تكرر خسائر الورشة التي أنشأها والداه في عام 1894، انتقلت عائلته إلى مدينة بافيا في إيطاليا، وأستغل أينشتاين الابن الفرصة السانحة للإنسحاب من المدرسة في ميونخ التي كره فيها النظام الصارم والروح الخانقة. وأمضى بعدها أينشتاين سنةً مع والديه في مدينة ميلانو حتى تبين أن من الواجب عليه تحديد طريقه في الحياة فأنهى دراسته الثانوية في مدينة آروا السويسرية، وتقدَّم بعدها إلى امتحانات المعهد الإتحادي السويسري للتقنية في زيورخ عام 1895، وقد أحب أينشتاين طرق التدريس فيه، وكان كثيراً مايقتطع من وقته ليدرس الفيزياء بمفرده، أو ليعزف على كمانه، إلى أن اجتاز الإمتحانات وتخرَّج في عام 1900، لكن مُدرِّسيه لم يُرشِّحوه للدخول إلى الجامعة. كان أينشتاين قد تنازل عن أوراقه الرسمية الألمانية في عام 1896، مما جعله بلا هوية إثبات شخصية أو انتماءٍ لأي بلدٍ معين، وفي عام 1898، التقى أينشتاين بـ "ميلفا ماريك Mileva Maric" زميلته الصربية على مقاعد الدراسة ووقع في غرامها، وكان في فترة الدراسة يتناقش مع اصدقائه المقربين في المواضيع العلمية. وبعد تخرجه في عام 1900 عمل أينشتاين مدرّساً بديلاً، وفي العام الذي يليه حصل على حق المواطنة السويسرية، ورُزق بطفلةٍ غير شرعية من صديقته اسمياها (ليسيرل) في كانون الثاني (يناير) من العام 1901.
عمله
معظم ما أخذه أينشتاين في نظريته النسبية الخاصة والعامة كان من العالم الإنجليزي إسحاق نيوتن. جرأة أينشتاين في شبابه حالت بينه وبين الحصول على عمل مناسبٍ في سلك التدريس، لكن وبمساعدة والد أحد زملاء مقاعد الدراسة حصل على وظيفة فاحص (مُختبِر) في مكتب تسجيل براءة الإختراعات السويسري في عام 1902. تزوج أينشتاين من صديقته "ميلِفا" في 6 كانون الثاني (يناير) 1903 ورُزق بابن حمل اسم "هانز" في 14 من أيار (مايو) عام 1904، وفي هذه الأثناء أصبح عمل أينشتاين في مكتب التسجيل السويسري دائماً، وقام بالتحضير لرسالة الدكتوراه في نفس الفترة، وتمكن من الحصول على شهادة الدكتوراه في عام 1905 من جامعة زيورخ، وكان موضوع الرسالة يدور حول أبعاد الجزيئات، وفي العام نفسه كتب أينشتاين 4 مقالاتٍ علميةٍ دون الرجوع للكثير من المراجع العلمية أو التشاور مع زملائه الأكاديميين، وتعتبر هذه المقالات العلمية اللبنة الأولى للفيزياء الحديثة التي نعرفها اليوم. درس أينشتاين في الورقة الأولى مايُعرف باسم الحركة البراونية، فقدم العديد من التنبُّؤات حول حركة الجسيمات الموزعة بصورةٍ عشوائية في السائل. عرف أينشتاين "بأبي النسبية"، تلك النظرية التي هزت العالم من الجانب العلمي، إلا أن جائزة نوبل مُنحت له في مجال آخر (المفعول الكهرضوئي) وهو ما كان موضوع الورقة الثانية.
النظرية النسبية الخاصة
ورقة أينشتاين العلمية الثالثة كانت عن "النظرية النسبية الخاصة"، فتناولت الورقة الزمان، والمكان، والكتلة، والطاقة، وأسهمت نظرية أينشتاين بإزالة الغموض الذي نجم عن التجربة الشهيرة التي أجراها الأمريكيان الفيزيائي "ألبرت ميكلسون والكيميائي إدوارد مورلي" أواخر القرن التاسع عشر في عام 1887، فقد أثبت أينشتاين أن موجات الضوء تستطيع أن تنتشر في الخلاء دون الحاجة لوجود وسط أو مجال، على خلاف الموجات الأخرى المعروفة التي تحتاج إلى وسط تنتشر فيه كالهواء أو الماء وأن سرعة الضوء هي سرعة ثابتة وليست نسبية مع حركة المراقب (الملاحظ)، تجدر الإشارة إلى أن نظرية أينشتاين تلك تناقضت بشكل كلّي مع استنتاجات "إسحاق نيوتنجاءت تسمية النظرية بالخاصة للتفريق بينها وبين نظرية أينشتاين اللاحقة التي سُمِّيت بالنسبية العامة.
ألبرت أينشتاين عام 1947
منتصف حياته
في العام 1906 ترقى أينشتاين في السلم الوظيفي من مرتبة فاحص فني مختبر أول إلى مرتبة فاحص فني من الدرجة الثانية، وفي العام 1908 مُنح إجازةً لإلقاء الدروس والمحاضرات من "بيرن" في سويسرا، ووُلد الطفل الثاني لأينشتاين الذي سُمِّي "إدوارد" في 28 تموز (يوليو) 1910، وطلّق أينشتاين بعدها زوجته ميلِفا في 14 شباط (فبراير) 1919 وتزوج بعدها من ابنة عمه "ايلسا لوينثال" التي تكبره بثلاث سنوات في 2 حزيران (يونيو) 1919. لايعلم أحد حتى هذه الساعة شيئاً عن مصير طفلة أينشتاين الأولى غير الشرعية من زوجته ميلِفا إذ يعتقد البعض أنها ماتت في فترة الرضاعة، ويعتقد البعض الآخر أن والديها أعطياها لمن لا أولاد له للتبني، أمّا بالنسبة لأولاد أينشتاين، فقد أُصيب أحدهما بمرض انفصام الشخصية ومات فيما بعد في المصح العقلي الذي تولى علاجه ورعايته. أمّا الابن الثاني، فقد انتقل لولاية كاليفورنيا الأمريكية للعيش فيها ومن ثم أصبح استاذاً (دكتور) في الجامعة، وكانت اتصالاته مع والده محدودةً جداً. في العام 1914 وقبيل الحرب العالمية الأولى، استقر أينشتاين في مدينة "برلين" الألمانية، ولم يكن أينشتاين من دعاة الحرب ولكنه كان ألمانيا من أصل يهودي، مماتسبب بشعور القوميين الألمان بالضيق تجاه هذا الرجل، وتأجج هذا الامتعاض لأينشتاين من قبل القوميين الألمان عندما أصبح أينشتاين معروفاً على المستوى العالمي بعدما خرجت مجلة ]التايمالأمريكية في 7 تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) 1919 بمقالٍ يؤكد صحة نظرية أينشتاين المتعلقةبالجاذبية
[ الأعوام اللاحقة
بوصول القائد النازي أدولف هتلر إلى السلطة في العام 1933 تزايدت الكراهية تجاه أينشتاين فاتهمه القوميون الاشتراكيون (النازيون) بتأسيس "الفيزياء اليهودية"، كما حاول بعض العلماء الألمان النيل من حقوق أينشتاين في نظرياته الأمر الذي دفع أينشتاين للهرب إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والتي منحته بدورها إقامة دائمةً، وانخرط في "معهد الدراسات المتقدمة" التابع لجامعة برينستون في ولاية نيو جيرسي، ففي عام 1939 كتب رسالته الشهيرة إلى الرئيس الأمريكي روزفلت لينبهه على ضرورة الإسراع في إنتاج القنبلة قبل الألمان وذلك قبل أن يهاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة. وفي العام 1940، صار أينشتاين مواطناً أمريكياً مع احتفاظه بجنسيته السويسرية.
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